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HOW TO TEACH i 


BUGS, BEETLES, 
AND LOCUSTS 


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“Ibow to Ueacb” tlDanuals.— No. 8 



HOW TO TEACH 

BEETLES, BUGS, AND 

LOCUSTS 


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FRANK OWEN PAYNE 

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AUTHOR OF “ONE HUNDRED LESSONS IN NATURE AROUND MY SCHOOL,” 
“how TO TEACH MINERALS,” “how TO TEACH birds” 



NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO. 











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E. L. KELLOGQ & CO. 

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ROBERT DRUMMOND. PRINTER, NEW YORK 




HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND 
LOCUSTS. 


CHAPTER I. 

What is an Insect? 

An insect is an animal whose body is composed 
of rings or joints ( articulate ); having jointed feet 
( arthropod ) ; having the body more or less distinctly 
divided into three parts ( head , thorax , and abdomen ); 
and always having six legs attached to the middle 
part of the body. 

An insect usually has four wings also attached to 
the thorax, but there are many species of insects 
which have only two wings and some have no wings 

at all. 

Insects usually have compound eyes, which con¬ 
sist of a vast number of separate lenses; and some 
insects have one or more single eyes ( ocelli ) else¬ 
where upon the head. 

It is well to have in mind a clear idea of what an 


3 



4 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


insect is, for many people are wont to consider other 
creatures as being insects. The spider, the scorpion, 
the sow-bug, the centipede, and the millipede, 
though they are commonly classed as insects, are 
not any of them true members of that class of ani¬ 
mals since they do not have six legs. 

A casual glance at a spider will at once convince 
any observer that this creature can not be classed 
with true insects, if the foregoing definition is cor¬ 
rect. His two-parted body and eight legs at once put 
him in another category. 

In general, any animal which has a three-parted 
body and six legs is an insect. 


CHAPTER II. 


The Parts of an Insect. 

The main parts of an insect have been given as 
head, thorax, and abdomen. Let us consider these 
parts with reference to their special features. 

1. The Head.—This is of various shapes and sizes. 
It may be firmly attached to the thorax without 
any apparent neck or there may be some appear¬ 
ance of a neck. In many insects the head is 
attached to the thorax by a mere thread. This is 
true of the dragon-fly and the house-fly. The head 
may be moved freely from side to side. It is easily 
detached. The head bears various appendages 
among which may be mentioned the eyes, ocelli, 
antennae, mouth-parts, and various hairs, bristles, 
etc. 

2. The Thorax.—This seems to be a very im¬ 
portant part of the body. It possesses a wonderful 
system of muscles for manipulating the six legs and 
four wings of the insect. It is made up of three 
rings or segments. These rings have names which 
need not be taught to children. They are (a) the 
prothorax, bearing the first pair of legs (prolegs), 

5 


6 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

(< b ) mesothorax, bearing the first pair of wings and 
the second or middle pair of legs (mesolegs), and 
(c) the metathorax, bearing the second pair of 
wings or hind wings and the third pair of legs (meta¬ 
legs). 

3. The Abdomen.—This is the hinder part of the 
body. It usually shows the rings very distinctly. 
Along the sides are small pores (spiracles) through 
which the insect breathes. 

The abdomen sometimes is beset with hairs or 
bristles, but the most important appendage is the 
ovipositor, which terminates the abdomen of a 
female insect. It is by means of this organ that 
the eggs are laid. 


CHAPTER III. 


The Mouth-parts. 


We do not speak of the mouth of an insect. An 
insect has no mouth in the same sense that higher 
animals have mouths. Students of insects speak 
of the mouth-parts, because the mouths of insects 
consist of various parts quite separate and inde¬ 
pendent of each other. Here is a drawing of the 
mouth-parts of a common grasshopper. Any pupil 
can find these and remove them one by one with a 
penknife. The insect should be killed first in a 
cyanide bottle and preserved in a solution of for¬ 
maldehyde or alcohol until ready to use. As each 
mouth-part is removed, it should be laid upon a 
card in the relative position it held before having 
been removed. Each part can then be studied by 



itself. 


These parts are: (i) an upper lip ( labium ) which 
hangs down over the other mouth-parts somewhat 
like an apron, partly concealing them. Just behind 
this come two hard-toothed organs called mandibles 
which are used for tearing or chewing the food. 
Next come the maxillae, each armed with a jointed 


7 



8 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


feeler (maxillary palpus), and last of all the lower 
lip or labium also bearing a pair, of palpi. 

Any one who watches a grasshopper when feed¬ 
ing will be interested and amused. The maxillary 
and labial palpi help to pass the food inward between 
the mandibles which crush it. The most interest¬ 
ing thing about the mouth movements is the fact 



—uslwt 




LABIAL PALPI. 
_LABIUM. 


Fig. i.— Mouth-parts of Locust. 

that the mouth-parts move from right to left in¬ 
stead of up and down as in higher animals. 

But not all insects have their mouths composed 
of such curious parts. Such mouths are found 
only in insects which chew their food. But those 
whose food is liquid have no need of jaws and 
mandibles. Hence in these insects the mouth- 





THE MOUTH-PARTS. 


9 


parts are so modified as to fit them for sucking. 
In fact, in some insects the mouth-parts are changed 
and fused into a tube which is used for extracting 
the nectar from flowers or blood from animals. 

The so-called proboscis of the moths and butter¬ 
flies is such a mouth. 


CHAPTER IV. 


Legs and Wings. 

The legs of insects are jointed. Every joint has 
its own special name, and since these are not hard 
to learn, they are given here. 
Beginning at the body, the 
first joint is called the coxa. 
This is usually round or nearly 
so, as in outline. Next to the 
coxa is a joint which is always* 
smaller in size. It is called the 
trochanter . The third joint is 
the femur , which is followed 
by the tibia, and this in turn by 
the tarsus . These last names 
are so familiar from the study 
of physiology that it will be 
easy to remember them. There 
are always or nearly always 
hooks on the last tarsal joint. 
Catch a June-bug and see how 
he holds on with these hooks 
when one attemps to remove 
him from one place to another. 
The legs of insects serve various 
uses. They may be used for 



. .TARSUS. 

.HOOKS. 
Fig. 2.—Leg of 
Grasshopper. 


io 









LEGS AND WINGS. 


I I 

walking, jumping, clinging, catching prey, digging, 
etc. 

I he wings of insects vary greatly. The pecu¬ 
liarities of the wings are very important in deter¬ 



mining the order to which an insect belongs. In¬ 
sects may be wingless or two-winged or four¬ 
winged. These wings may be lace-like as in the 
dragon fly; shell-like as in the beetle; membranous 






12 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


as in the bee; straight as in the locusts; scaly as in 
the butterflies, moths, etc. Running through the 
wings are “ veins ” which give a sort of framework 
to the wing and also convey air and blood and are 
supposed to assist in purifying the blood. 


CHAPTER V. 


How to Catch and Kill Insects. 


Every pupil who intends to study insects should 
provide himself with the following apparatus: 

1. Insect-net. 

2. Cyanide bottle or 
bottle of gasoline. 

3. Plenty of pins; or¬ 
dinary will do. Regular 
insect pins are preferred. 

4. ' Several empty cigar- 
boxes, lined with sheet 
cork. 

5. A bottle of alcohol 
or formaldehyde solution, 
for preserving soft speci¬ 
mens. 

The insect-net is noth¬ 
ing more than a thin mus¬ 
lin or cheese-cloth bag, 
usually conical in shape 
and having a hem around Fig. 4.—Insect-net. 
the top. Into this hem is thrust a piece of stiff wire. 

*3 



14 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


This wire having been bent into a hoop, is fastened 
firmly to the end of a stick, preferably a broom¬ 
stick, perhaps four feet long. The bag should be 
loose enough to fit over a wire hoop 8" or io" in 
diameter. 

The net is to be used in catching insects on the 
wing. 



2. The cyanide bottle is any large bottle having 
a wide mouth into which is first put several frag¬ 
ments of potassium cyanide and then these frag¬ 
ments are covered with a cream of plaster of Paris. 
When the plaster has hardened, the superfluous 
moisture should be wiped out with blotting paper. 









HOW TO CATCH AND KILL INSECTS. IS 

The writer uses for this purpose a quart jar (Mason 
jar) having a cover which screws on. 

3. The pins are for fastening the insects to a box. 

4. Empty cigar-boxes are to receive the dead 
specimens. 

6. The alcohol or formaldehyde is for preserv¬ 
ing soft specimens. The gasoline is used to kill 
insects quickly, also for ridding cases of insect pests. 
A few drops of gasoline or naphtha sprinkled on an 
insect will kill it immediately. Care should be ex¬ 
ercised in killing insects in this way for the death 
agony causes certain insects, as butterflies and moths, 
to pull their wings in front or below the body. 


CHAPTER VI. 
Beetles. 





Fig. 6.—A Grub. 


On account of their abundance and the ease with 
which they are captured, beetles 
are about the best insects to begin 
with. They may almost always 
be found in rotten wood, under 
stones and boards which have 
been lying long on the ground. 
There are also some nocturnal beetles, like the well- 
known “ June-bug,” which are attracted into houses 
by the light on summer evenings. 

Let us take this familiar beetle 
as a type for study. 

1. The head : small, oval; eyes 
large; antennae short, bent in¬ 
ward ; mouth-parts fitted for bit¬ 
ing. 

2. The thorax: smooth, shin¬ 
ing, its three segments completely fused together. 

Legs armed with hairs; toes 
hooked ; wings 4, the upper pair 
(elytra) being shining horny and 
used merely as covers for the 
under thin gauzy pair. Line 
separating elytra straight. 

16 



Fig. 7.—A Beetle. 



Fig 


Side View. 



BEETLES. 


17 


3. Abdomen: oval, jointed, brown. Spiracles 
small. 

4. Natural history: ( a ) Eggs laid on the ground 
among short grasses. ( b ) Eggs hatch very soon 
into small white grubs having brown heads. These 
at once burrow into soil and begin feeding on roots 
of grasses. ( c ) Larvae grow very slowly all summer 
and go down deeper on approach of winter. In spring 
they again come up near the surface and feed all 
the summer as the common white grubs found in 
spading and plowing. ( d ) In the second fall they 
form a round or oval cavity in soil and there spin 
their cocoons. ( e ) They become perfect beetles be¬ 
fore spring but remain in the ground until spring 
when they dig their way out and fly about. Their 
flight is noisy on account of the resistance of the 
air to their elytra. 


THE POTATO-BEETLE. 


The Colorado potato-beetle must not be confused 
with the old-fashioned “ potato-bug.” The latter 
is not a beetle at all, as will A B 

be seen at a glance. Its 
wings are very different. 

The potato-beetle is similar 
in structure and shape to 
the May-beetle or # “ June- 
bug,” but it is much smaller, 
and is very different in ap- Fl ^ ^ 
pearance. It is justly cele- 




- A , Elytron; B, Po¬ 
tato-beetle. 





18 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

brated for the great damage it does to the potato- 
crop and for the wonderful way it has spread 
during the past twenty-five or thirty years. In that 
time it has covered an area of over 1,500,000 square 
miles. 

The wing-covers (elytra) are striped with dark 
brown and yellow. The true wings are rose color. 
This insect is so common now that it may be seen 
and observed by everybody. 

The life-history is briefly as follows: {a) Eggs of 
a bright orange color are laid on the under surface 
of potato leaves. ( b ) These soon hatch, and the 
grub is small, of orange color, with dark brown head. 
These larvae grow rapidly, and eat the potato foliage 
with relish. Their bodies are very soft, only the 
upper end being hard. ( c) When full grown, the 
larva digs into the ground, and in about three weeks 
has passed through the pupa state. ( d ) The imagos 
come from' the ground, lay their eggs, and the same 
changes are repeated. There are always two, and 
sometimes three, broods produced every summer. 
The last imagos remain all winter in the ground as 
tf seed ” for the next season. 

This interesting beetle, as its name implies, was 
originally a native of Colorado and the Rocky 
Mountain States. It fed on a wild potato plant. 
But having learned to like the cultivated potato, it 
began to follow that crop eastward. Paris-green is 
the poison commonly used to rid the farms of these 
pests. 


beetles. 


19 


THE LADY-BUG. 

This is a favorite insect. It is often known as 
the “ lady-bird ” or “ lady-bird-beetle.” Lady- 
beetles may be known by their handsome elytra, 
which are black, with scarlet or yellow dots; or 
scarlet or yellow, with black or brown dots. In 
shape they are almost perfect hemispheres, and their 
shining wing-covers are so smooth as to make it 
rather difficult to pick them up. When disturbed, 
they emit a very disagreeable odor, which is de¬ 
signed as a protection against enemies. The lady- 
bug passes through its changes in a manner quite 
peculiar to itself. When ready to change, it fastens 
its abdomen firmly to a twig or leaf. 

The lady-beetles are friendly to the plants. In 
this they are quite unlike the potato-beetle, which 
destroys acres of potato plants, if let alone. The 
food of the lady-beetle is plant-lice. Thus, by 
feeding on the enemies of the plants, these beautiful 
insects prove themselves among the best friends of 
the plants. 

It is a very interesting sight to see a lady-beetle 
seize and devour the plant-lice which infest most 
of the plants of our gardens. 

Many people ignorantly kill lady-beetles, because 
they find them on the rose-bushes and other plants 
in summer. 

The lady-beetle also has enemies. The most in¬ 
teresting one is a parasite, which lays its eggs upon 


20 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

a lady-beetle. These eggs hatch and gnaw their 
way into the abdomen of the beetle. Here they 
feed until they are full grown. Then they burrow 
out and spin their tiny cocoons. The beetle seldom 
lives long after this, and the parasite soon comes 
forth, spreads its wings and flies off in search of 
some other lady-beetle on which to lay its eggs. 

This parasite looks not unlike a tiny hornet, and 
belongs to the same family of insects. 


THE SNAP-BEETLE OR CLICK-BEETLE. 


This curious and interesting beetle is quite com¬ 
mon. It is the largest of snap-beetles or click- 
beetles. It is of a dull gray color 
and has two velvety-black oval spots 
on the thorax. These give this 
beetle a hideous look. The head is 
very small and scarcely visible under 
the thorax. The antennae are long 
and jointed, being very different 
from those of the beetles previously 
studied. 

The name “ click-beetle ” is due 
to its peculiar behavior when placed on its back. 
It gives a quick movement of the thorax accom¬ 
panied by a sharp clicking sound and throws itself 
upward, usually coming down right side up. Click- 
beetles are not all like this one. Most species 
are black or dark brown in color. Some have con- 
soicuous ridges running down the wing-covers. 



Fig. io. —Snap- 
beetle or Eyed 
Elater. 



BEETLES. 


21 


In the larval state, the eyed elater lives in rotten 
wood. The other click-beetles live either in decay¬ 
ing wood or in the soil where they feed on the 
roots of grasses and other plants. Indeed, some of 
these do much harm to crops of wheat, oats, corn, 
etc. These larvae are known as wireworms because 
of their slender, wiry bodies. Their heads are 
brown and bodies yellow or creamy-white in color. 
Click-beetles do not reach maturity in one season; 
on the contrary they are known to take three or four 
years to reach the perfect state. 

TIGER-BEETLES, BORERS, AND SOLDIER-BEETLES. 

The tiger-beetles are very unlike the lady bee¬ 
tles. The head is very conspicuous. The thorax 
is also well-marked and the abdomen much wider 
than the other parts. The elytra are black or dark 
greenish-brown, variously marked with yellow. 
Tiger-beetles are very active and intelligent in 
their actions. When approached they will permit 
one to come very close and then fly quickly away 
for several feet. In alighting they always face the 
approaching person so as to keep him well in view. 
Tiger-beetles burrow in the ground. Their larvae 
hide there and thrust out only the head, which is 
not easily seen because of its dirt-color. The larva 
is also said to have a curious hook on one of the 
rings of the abdomen for holding him fast in his 
hole if some enemy should attempt to pull him out. 

The boring-beetles resemble the tiger-beetles in 


22 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

color and in the yellow V-shaped markings on their 
wing-covers. The borers, as their name implies, 
bore into trunks of trees. Thus there is the apple- 
tree borer, the hickory-tree borer, the locust-tree 
borer, etc. The larvae have no feet. Their 
mouth-parts are very highly developed, their teeth 
being very sharp and hard. Thus they can easily 
bore into the hardest kinds of wood. 

The soldier-beetles are bright, handsome fellows 
in uniforms of black and yellow. They are always 
more or less numerous on the blossoms of the 
goldenrod. These beetles are always in motion 
and they fly well. 


WATER-BEETLES. 

Nowhere among insects is the adaptation of 
parts to environment better shown than in the 
water-beetle, or water-scavenger, as this curious 
beetle is called. 

The body is almost a perfect oval, being slightly 
pointed at the posterior end. The head is large 
and the eyes are rather prominent. The antennae 
are very curiously built, being club-shaped and 
small and almost hidden under the eyes. The 
maxillary palpi are long and look somewhat like 
antennae at first sight. 

The shell and wing-covers are bright, shining 
black or dull brown. The legs are flat and paddle¬ 
like. They are armed with long hairs or bristles. 


BEETLES. 


23 


These legs are used as oars to paddle through the 
water or over it. 




Fig. 11.—Water-beetle ; antennae. 

This fine beetle is a good diver as well as an ex¬ 
cellent swimmer. The eggs are laid in delicately- 
woven egg-cases, which are fastened to the leaves 
of submerged plants. 

The larvae live in the water. They may be 
easily reared in aquaria, where 
they may be seen to swim and 
dive after their prey. 

The legs of many water-beetles 
are not conspicuous, especially 
when they are swimming, but 
when viewed from below as they 
swim over the surface of the wa- fig 12.—A Water- 
ter of an aquarium, it will be seen beetle, 

that they use their paddle-like feet with great 
rapidity. 




24 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


CARRION-BEETLES AND SEXTON-BEETLES. 

Nature provides for the removal of offensive de¬ 
caying animal matter, such as dead animals. One of 
these provisions for removing such offensive objects 
is the carrion-beetles (silpha) and sexton-beetles 
(necrophorus). 

Carrion-beetles are distinguished by their black, 
flat bodies and their club-shaped antennae. Their 
flat bodies enable them to creep into very narrow 
crevices and to crawl under almost any object which 
may be lying on the ground, such as a dead mouse. 

The sexton-beetles are rather larger than the 
carrion-beetles and have their elytra variously cross- 
striped with a bright orange-red or brick-red 
color. Sexton-beetles are so called because they 
bury the carrion by undermining it so that it falls 
into the hole. Then they lay their eggs on it, and 
when these hatch the larvae find an abundance of 
food on which to feed. Having reached their full 
size they burrow in the ground forming an oval 
cavity, in which they pass their pupa state; after 
which they emerge from the soil to hunt a choice 
bit of carrion on which to lay their eggs. 

The amount of labor performed by these insects 
in burying dead animals is tremendous, when com¬ 
pared with the size of the insect itself. The rela¬ 
tive strength of insects is very great, as may be 
seen in these beetles as well as in ants and some 
other insects. 


BEETLES. 


25 


CURCULIOS OR WEEVILS. 

Did you ever find a “ worm ” or tiny white grub 
inside a cherry, close to the stone? Did you ever 
see plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and other 
drupes or stone fruits ripen before 
their time and drop from the tree? 

Plums are especially apt to do this; 
and prunes, unless very carefully 
guarded, will wither and fall from 
the trees. This is due to the sting 
of an insect known as a weevil or 
curculio. 

This curious beetle is very unlike Fig. *3* 
those previously studied, in many A Weevi1 ' 
respects. 1. The head is long, prominent, and 
almost straight; eyes small; antennae long and re¬ 
flexed or turned back in all ordinary attitudes of 
the insect. 2. The thorax is almost spherical, 
being broadly egg-shaped. 3. The abdomen is 
very much wider than the thorax, and springing 
outward at right angles to it. This insect has a 
shape not unlike a bottle or vase. The wing- 
covers are variously mottled and ridged. 

If one of the plums previously mentioned be ex¬ 
amined, a scar or wound will be found upon it. 
This wound is a puncture nearly surrounded by a 
crescent-shaped cut. This cut is made by the 
peculiar mouth-parts of the parent weevil, for the 
mouth here also performs the office of ovipositor. 




26 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS. AND LOCUSTS. 

Some species have such powerful mouth-parts as to 
enable them to bore through the shells of nuts and 
lay their eggs there. 

Specimens of weevils in all these stages should 
be obtained and preserved in formaldehyde or 
alcohol. To obtain the insect imagos, spread a 
sheet or other large cloth on the ground under an 
infested tree, and shake or thump it vigorously. 
The weevils will fall to the ground and feign death. 
Larvae will be found in the stung fruit, and if sorrle 
of these be placed on damp soil in a box, the full- 
grown larvae will creep out and bury themselves in 
the soil to pass their pupa stage. Specimens of 
this sort should also be preserved with the larvae 
and perfect beetles. 

SOME STRANGE BEETLES. 

In concluding this portion of the work let us con¬ 
sider a few remarkable beetles. 

i. The firefly. This is a very inconspicuous 
little beetle having an oblong body of dark dull 
yellow and black. By day it flies little, but spends 
most of its time resting in the shade of bushes and 
low plants. Some species never become completely 
developed into imagos, hence they are called “ glow¬ 
worms.” 

Just what causes the light of these insects, has 
not been satisfactorily determined. The majority 
of scientists believe that this light is due to the 
oxidation of some gas emitted by the spiracles or 


BEETLES. 


2 ? 


tracheae. There are many species of luminous 
beetles, some living in Mexico and Central and 
South America give brilliant light and are used 
instead of lamps. 



Fig. 14. —Some Long-horned Beetles. 


2. The scarabs. These are the giants of the 
beetle creation. The sacred scarab of the ancient 
Egyptians and the giant scarab of South America 
are the most noted examples. This South Amer¬ 
ican beetle is said to measure six inches in length 










28 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

and nearly a foot across, from tip to tip, when the 
wing-covers are spread. The thorax is armed with 
a huge horn, as is also the head. This gives him 
a very formidable appearance. Many beetles of 
this family have horns, some of which are branch¬ 
ing; hence, one species is. called the stag-horn 
beetle. 

3. Blister-beetles are remarkable in many ways 
chiefly on account of their many changes during 
development (hypermetamorphosis). These changes 
are too complicated to describe here. What is of 
especial interest to us is the use of these insects in 
medicine for producing blisters. 

4. The Buffalo-beetle or “ carpet-beetle ” derives 
its names from having been first described in Buf¬ 
falo, N. Y., where it was found injuring carpets. 
It may be got rid of by using benzine, gasoline, 
kerosene, hot water, corrosive sublimate (poison), or 
naphthaline. 


CHAPTER VII. 


Bugs. 

Although in common parlance beetles are often 
called bugs , they are not true bugs. The true bug 
is as unlike the beetle in appearance as it is unlike 


A b 



Fig. 15. — A y Beetle; B , Bug. 


a bee or a fly. On comparing the figure of a bug 
with any of the preceding figures of beetles, it will 
be seen that there are several points of difference 
between them. 

1. The first pair of wings attract attention. In 
the beetle these are hard and shell-like, unfitted for 
flight, but admirably suited to protect the hind 

29 


30 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


pair of wings when not in use. In the bug the first 
pair of wings is membranous, and when at rest they 
are folded back so that their tips overlap. 

2. The second pair of wings also vary. In the 
beetle these perform the true act of flight. They 
are much larger than the first pair. In the bug, 
however, this second pair is much smaller, being 
about half the size of the front pair. Hence the 
name, Hemiptera, as applied to this order of insects. 

3. The mouth-parts are also very different. In 
beetles these are fitted for biting, hence the parts— 
mandibles, maxillae, etc. ; but in bugs the mouth- 



Fig. 16.—Types of Bugs. 


parts have become fused together into a tube or 
proboscis suited for piercing and sucking juices 
from plants and animals. As the “ June-bug” or 
May-beetle is a common type of beetle, so the 
squash-bug may be taken as a type of bug. Let 
specimens of these be collected for study and com¬ 
parison. 

There are several classes of bugs; but it is our 
intention to devote our studies to a few of the more 
familiar species. 



BUGS. 


31 


THE SQUASH-BUG. 

If the vines of summer squash be examined at 
any time between the first of July and the first of 
October, an abundance of squash- 
bugs will usually be found. These 
will be seen in every stage of their 
existence, from egg to perfect insect. 

The squash-bug is a particularly 
good bug to begin with, on account 
of its abundance and its geographical 
range, for it is extensively distributed. 

A close study of this bug will disclose the fol¬ 
lowing facts: 

1. The head is flattened, or better, it is narrow 
from right to left. The eyes are small, but promi¬ 
nent. There are also two ocelli. The head is con¬ 
nected to the prothorax by a short neck. The beak 
is sharp and slender. 

2. The parts of the thorax are so fused together 
that it is not easy to see where they are united. 
The wings are usually folded so that their tips over¬ 
lap across the lower portion of the abdomen. They 
are rarely used for flight. The squash-bug prefers 
to run about rather than to fly. This bug has glands 
which secrete a rank-smelling fluid which is used 
probably as a means of defense. 

According to entomologists, these insects hiber¬ 
nate in crevices and other sheltered places but come 
out in June and shortly after lay their eggs and die. 



Fig. 17.-Squash- 
bug. 



32 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS. AND LOCUSTS. 


These eggs are deposited on the under surface of 
the leaves of the squash-vine. 

The eggs, larvae, pupae, and perfect insects may 
all be collected from squash vines early in the fall. 
It is then the best time to make collections. The 
larvae and pupae closely resemble the imagos in 
everything save the wings. Thus bugs are seen to 
be different from beetles in another respect, i.e., 
they do not undergo complete transformations as the 
beetles do. For this reason insects are often classi¬ 
fied as belonging to two classes: (i) Those which 
undergo complete metamorphosis, and (2) those 
which undergo incomplete metamorphosis. The 
young of the former are called larvce, those of the 
latter, nymphs. 


THE CHINCH-BUG. 

This is the enemy of our wheat crop. Vast 
quantities of this most useful grain are destroyed 
annually by this insect pest. The damage done in 
1890 is estimated at four million dollars. It is a 
small beetle not much more than one tenth of an 
inch in length. The four wings are white. There 
is a peculiar symmetrical black figure on the back. 

The female lays over 500 eggs on the ground and 
the larvae hatch out in about two weeks. They 
attack the grain, and here they may be found all 
through the summer. 

Chinch-bugs are abundant from the Atlantic coast 
to Kansas and Nebraska, and from Maine to the 


BUGS. 


33 


extreme southern portions of the Mississippi Valley. 
The best way to check the increase of chinch-bugs 
is to burn the weeds and grasses surrounding the 
grain fields. This destroys vast numbers of eggs. 
The chinch-bug has at times been the cause of the 
destruction of three-fourths of the grain crop in some 
of our Western States; but it was killed off by an 
epidemic which swept off millions of them. Moist, 
cool, cloudy weather is very bad for their health. 

THE CICADA AND THE HARVEST-FLY. 


This is in many respects the most interesting 
species of this family. Its periodical occurrence 
once in about seventeen years, the damage it does 



vegetation by laying its eggs upon it, and its won¬ 
derful vocal apparatus, make it one of the most in¬ 
teresting of insects for study. 

The cicada is often called a locust, probably be¬ 
cause of the vast numbers in which it appears. It 
is not a locust and differs materially from the locust 
in several particulars. 

i. The head is broad and thin, beak very strong 
and sharp, eyes large and prominent, three ocelli. 






34 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


2. The thorax is broad and hard, having a prom¬ 
inent shield on the back. The wings are beautiful 
membranous, having strong veins. 

3. The abdomen is short and very broad. The 
whole appearance of this insect indicates strength. 

4. Natural history: The eggs are laid on young 
shoots in incisions made by the peculiar scythe¬ 
shaped ovipositor. These eggs hatch into small 
white maggots which feed on the sapwood of the 
plant. Then they eat their way out and creep down 
the trunk to burrow in the ground. Here they re¬ 
main for a long time. Some species require a year 
or two, others thirteen, fifteen, or even seventeen 
years to mature. The pupa then digs its way out 
of the ground by means of its very powerful claws, 
and creeps up the trunk of the nearest tree. Indeed 
they may be seen creeping up the stalks of grasses, 
weeds, and even up fence posts. 

When firmly fastened to some thing they remain 
but a short time before the back splits open and 
out of the old pupa shell there comes forth a perfect 
imago. The wings are wet and all crumpled up, 
but they gradually spread and dry, and then the 
insect spreads its wings and flies away. Their life 
is short after this. Their “song” is heard, if the 
clatter they make can be called a song. Then they 
lay their eggs and die. 

The organ with which the sound is made, is a 
very complicated one, quite as complicated and very 
much more delicate than the human larynx. The 
females are silent. The vocal organs are found only 


BUGS. 


35 


in -the males. They are on the under side of the 
abdomen and are covered with two rounded shields 
or scales that give the male cicada the appearance 
of wearing a vest. On lifting these scales a system 
of beautiful membranes as thin as a soap-bubble film 
and giving the same iridescent effects, will be seen. 
Just how this organ is played upon is not yet satis¬ 
factorily determined. 

THE GIANT WATER-BUG (BELOSTOMA). 

This curious insect is known as the “electric-light 
bug” in many places on account of its being found 
about the lights of cities in 
great numbers. An inspection 
of these curious creatures shows 
them to be predaceous in their 
habits, the fore legs being 
fitted exclusively for seizing 
their prey. Having seized it, 
they thrust their powerful 
beaks down into its quivering 
flesh and at once begin to suck 
out its juices. 

The life-history of the Belos- 
toma is not fully known. A 
few facts are, however, well es¬ 
tablished. The eggs of some of Fig. 19.—Giant Water- 
the members of this family are 

laid and fastened to the back of the female by means 
of a sort of glue which does not dissolve in water. 
The eggs remain there for some time before hatch- 








36 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

ing. The American Belostoma lays its eggs on 
stones, reeds, and other submerged things near the 
shores of ponds where the soil is moist. There are 
large clusters of these eggs, often numbering as 
many as fifty or sixty, in a single cluster. They 
are said to be nearly a quarter of an inch long and 
spotted with brown. 

The eggs are supposed to hatch in an almost 
perfect condition, and the nymphs, as they are 
called, creep into the water where they are be¬ 
lieved to feed on larvae of aquatic insects. They 
are supposed to moult several times and in the 
course of a year to develop a pair of perfect wings. 
After this, they live about the water by day and 
fly about at night. They dive with perfect ease and 
creep about on the bottoms of ponds in search of 
prey. Their dull brown color is very effective in 
protecting them, for when seen through the water 
they look not unlike dead brown leaves moved over 
the bottom by the movement of the water. 

The Belostoma thrive well in aquaria where they 
dive and swim with the greatest ease. The 
larger species seize small fish and tadpoles and 
extract their juices. Thus the life of a pond is one 
never-ending tragedy. 

“ One vast, savage, grim conspiracy, 

Of mutual murder, from the worm to man, 

Who himself kills his fellow .”—Edwin Arnold. 

PLANT-LICE. 

An examination of the leaves and stems of most 
herbaceous plants will usually disclose the presence 


BUGS. 


37 


of numerous tiny creatures of a green or brown 
color to match the color of the plant on which 
they live. A further observation will disclose the 
fact that these tiny creatures are not all alike in 


Fig. 20.—Willow Aphis. 

shape or size, and also that some have wings, while 
others are destitute of these organs. These are 
aphides or plant-lice. They abound almost every¬ 
where, and on this account as well as on account of 
their wonderful powers of propagation, they deserve 
careful study. 

All that is needed for school study of the aphis 
is a good simple microscope or a magnifying glass 
with which to observe them. 

The drawings are very much 
enlarged and the little line 
beside each indicates the 
true size of the insect. 

It is beyond the limits of 
this book to deal at all ex¬ 
tensively with these very 
interesting creatures. Their 
life-history is exceedingly 
complex. There are two forms of plant-lice, the 








38 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

winged and the wingless. Most of the females are 
wingless and most of the males are winged, but there 
are wingless males and winged females. The sex 
may be determined by the size of the bodies, the 
males having much smaller bodies than the females. 
Plant-lice spend the winter in the egg; at least this 
is true of the majority. These eggs hatch in the 



spring, bringing forth wingless females. These 
produce large numbers of living females both with 
and without wings, and this goes on all summer. 
The last brood of the season are both males and 
females. The wonderful rapidity with which these 
creatures multiply makes it possible for a single pair 
of aphides to be the ancestors of many thousands of 
plant-lice in a single season. 

One of the most curious traits of these insects is 
their behavior towards ants. Any observer wiW. 
soon see ants creeping about wherever there are 
aphides. If watched, the ant will be seen to 
approach an aphis and touch the abdominal appen- 



BUGS. 


39 


dages with its antennae. The aphis will invariably 
yield a drop of clear, transparent honey which the 
ant will greedily devour. The plant-louse shows 
no sign of fear of the ant and the ant does not 
harm the plant-louse. There seems to be a perfect 
understanding between these widely different in¬ 
sects. This peculiar habit of ants and aphides has 
led people to call the latter “ ant’s cows.” 

THE SCORPION-BUG. 

This remarkable bug is one of the aquatic species. 
It is also known as the “ water-scorpion ” and the 
“ ranatra.’ 

This insect may be seen skimming over the 
surface of the water in summer. The body is 
very long and slender and the 
legs are very long indeed. The 
front pair of legs are modified so 
as to be used like the pincers of 
the scorpion, for seizing and 
holding prey. Hence the name, 

“water-scorpion.” The abdo¬ 
men has a pair of slender filiform 
appendages nearly as long as the 
legs. These are stiff and horn¬ 
like. They may be drawn close 
together so as to form a tube 
for they are grooved on the Fiq 23 _ The Scor . 
inner surface. The legs also are pion-bug. 
curiously grooved, so that the tibia can fit into 










40 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 

the tarsal groove very much as a jackknife blade 
shuts into the hollow handle. Ranatras are able 
to skim backwards as well as forwards over the 
surface. 

Packard says that the ranatra may often be seen 
walking over the bottom of some quiet pool, where 
it usually escapes observation on account of its 
protective coloring. When thus employed it is 
searching diligently for prey, as may be seen by the 
attitude of its head and powerful front legs. When 
the ranatra finds “game” to its liking, it is seized, 
and the hooks and sharp teeth on the forelegs help 
to hold it, while the sharp beak penetrates the quiv¬ 
ering victim to extract its juices. 

The water-scorpions are said to thrive well in 
aquaria, where their mode of life may be observed. 

SCALE-INSECTS. 

Many plants, especially orange, lemon, and the 
dwarf palms, so common as a decorative plant in 
our homes, are found to have oval brown scales 
upon their leaves and stems. These scales are 
female insects. If a scale be carefully raised with 
a knife-blade and the under surface be examined, 
there will be found an insect which appears to be in 
the larval state. It has no wings. Its legs are 
short and almost obsolete. There appear to be no 
antennae. These females are sluggish and almost 
destitute of ability to move about. 

The males, however, are very active. They have 


BUGS. 


41 


wings and can fly with considerable rapidity. One 
or two may usually be found flying about a dwarf 
palm or other plant which is infested with these 
insect pests. 

There is another species which excretes a pure 
white cottony substance. These are often seen on 
apple twigs in the late summer. 

Plant-lice, scale-insects, and all other bugs live 
on liquid food extracted from the plants or animals 
on which they live. 

It is easy to tell when a plant is infested with 
any of these parasites. The leaves turn yellow or 
brown in spots and finally drop off the plant. 
There are various “insecticides” which are de¬ 
signed to free plants of such vermin, but for small 
plants nothing is better than to wash the leaves 
with whale-oil soapsuds, and most plants can stand 
a bath of strong alcohol. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


The Locust ri Family. 

This family includes the true locusts or Grass¬ 
hoppers, the Katydids and crickets, the earwigs, 
walking-sticks, and roaches. 

The family is very abundant everywhere, and 
their characteristics can be studied by all. 

The most obvious characteristics are, (i) their 
straight wings or wing-covers, which are shaped 
like a parallelogram. The veins are also straight, 
resembling the venation of lily leaves. The hind 
wings are irregularly triangular in outline, and 
more or less gauzy. In some species these hind 
wings are black bordered with yellow; in others 
both pairs of wings are obsolete or entirely wanting. 
(2) The hindermost legs (metalegs) are much 
larger and longer than either of the other legs. In 
some members of the family these legs are several 
times larger than the others, and are specially fitted 
for jumping. 


42 


THE LOCUST FAMILY. 


43 


THE GRASSHOPPER AND KATYDID. 


A 


These are the true locusts, or Locustid<z y as ento¬ 
mologists call them. They are so familiar as to 
need only passing mention. 

The antennae are very long and flexi¬ 
ble. It is interesting to watch these 
delicate creatures as they feel about in 
every direction with these long, fragile 
organs of sense. The ovipositor is 
sword-shaped, and is admirably fitted 
for piercing and depositing eggs. The 
B 




Fig. 24. —A , Katydid ; B, Grasshopper, 
wings are large and membranous and very delicately 
veined. 

The Grasshoppers and Katydids are well pro¬ 
tected by their colors. The former, by their gray or 
brown color, are hidden when they alight upon the 
ground, while the latter by their green, leaf-like 
wings can scarcely be distinguished from the leaves 
on which they are found feeding. On close examina¬ 
tion the outer wings (wing-covers) of the Katydid 
so closely resemble a leaf in veining and texture 
that they may be often taken for leaves when held 
in the hand. The small brown and gray Grass- 







44 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


hoppers are often known as “dust hoppers” from 
their familiar habit of hopping along dusty road' 



Anlenn* 

£>es 




ways in summer. These are very, easily seen as 
they spread their black, yellow-bordered under- 
L.ofC. 


















THE LOCUST FAMILY. 


45 


wings, but when they alight and fold their wings be¬ 
neath their dust-brown wing-covers, it is not easy 
to see them. 

The diet of these insects is vegetable food. In 
some places they become a great pest, often de¬ 
vouring the entire crops in our western states; but 
in general they are not to be considered as harmful. 

The noise of these creatures is produced by 
drawing the long hairy tarsus across the wing when 
expanded. There are numerous rough processes 
on the wing-veins which, being caught by the 
tarsal barbs, cause a rapid vibration of the wing 
membrane. This produces the fa¬ 
miliar chirp of crickets and the well 
known “Katy did, Katy did” so 
often heard on summer evenings. 

CRICKETS. 

The crickets have much shorter 
bodies than those of the Grasshop¬ 
pers and Katydids. The family re¬ 
semblance it very strong however. 

The long antennae and large hind 
legs are characteristic of the family, 
but in the crickets the wings are far 
shorter than in the locustidae. 

The front legs are relatively stronger. This is 
because the cricket spends so much of its life digging 
under stones. Indeed, the mole-cricket, as it is 
called from its subterranean mode of life, has the 






46 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


fore legs remarkably developed, like the corre¬ 
sponding limbs of its namesake, the mole. The 
last ring of the abdomen bears a long, slender ovi¬ 
positor, and the ring preceding is armed with two 
slender-pointed organs called abdominal setce. 

Crickets feed on roots, tender shoots, and also on 
larvae and worms. They may always be found 
creeping on the ground among tall weeds and grasses 



and under flat stones which have lain for a long time 
upon the ground. 

The chirp of the cricket is a familiar sound on 
summer evenings in the country and also in old 
houses. Hence the ancient rhyme : 

“ Old Dame Hicket 
Had a wonderful cricket 
That lived in a hole by the fender 
And when he came out, 

He would dance all about 

On his hind legs so tall and so slender.” 


THE LOCUST FAMILY. 


4 7 


THE WALKING-STICK. 

This is one of the oddest of all insects. There is 
something weird and uncanny about it. 

It is rightly named for it very closely resembles 
a stick. When seen, it may 
easily be passed by as a dry, 
dead twig. In barns these 
creatures may often be seen 
among the hay looking pre¬ 
cisely like pieces of dead grass. 

This imitation is carried out 
further in the fact that in 
spring when everything is 
green, these creatures also are 
green; but later in the season 
when vegetation is taking on 
a different hue, they also 
change color and assume dull 
gray or brown. In movement 
they are very slow, so slow 
that one must watch them 
constantly and for a long 
while to see that, they have 

moved at all. But this slow- 

r , • . r Fig. 27.—Walking-stick, 

ness ot movement is part ot b 

their protection against enemies. They can move 

with great rapidity when they like and often are 

found to be very difficult to catch. 

The thorax is not fused into one segment but 




48 HOW TO TEACH BEETLES, BUGS, AND LOCUSTS. 


consists of three distinct rings of very unequal size. 
The first ring (prothorax) is smallest. There are 
no wings or rudiments of wings. The eyes are 
small and antennae very long. The mouth is fitted 
for biting vegetable food. The feet are very similar 
to those of the Grasshopper and Katydid. 

THE ROACH. 

Roaches are common about mills and in houses, 
especially in pantries and kitchens. They run with 


great rapidity and hide in very 
narrow cracks and crevices. The 
structure of their bodies especial¬ 
ly adapts them to creep into very 
small holes. The rings of the 
abdomen are capable of great 
expansion and contraction. The 
eyes are very small, antennae 
very long, and mouth-parts fitted 
for biting. The roach is om¬ 
nivorous. He eats vegetable and 
animal food and does not object 
to eating paper, clothing, and 



carpets. Hyatt quotes from 
Fig. 29.—Roaches, travellers in tropical regions that 
male and female. roaches have been known to at¬ 
tack a sleeping traveller and nibble at his toe-nails. 

Roaches seldom, if ever, use their wings which 
are small in the males and almost obsolete in the 
females. 







THE LOCUST FAMILY. 


49 


The female lays her eggs in two rows in a sac 
which she fastens to her abdomen. She carries this 
about with her until the young are hatched. It is 
said that the mother roach broods her young but 
how this is known I am not prepared to state. 

The roach is very interesting from its great geo¬ 
graphical range; it is found wherever any insect is 
found. It is also interesting because of its ancient 
descent; fossil roaches having been found in rocks 
of the Carboniferous Age. 




























































. 




































































































. 






















































































































































































































































































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Handsomely bound in cloth. Large size. 229 pages. Price, $1.25 ; to teachers, 
$1.00 ; postage, 10 cents. 


E. L. KELLOGG & CO., 61 E. 9th Street, New York. 





Reading Circle Library, 

This consists of sixteen volumes, nicely bound in cloth, uniform 
in size, style, and price (jo cents); each dealing with some impor¬ 
tant subject of school-room work or with some pedagogical topic. 
This is an extremely practical library, dealing with subjects of 
every-day interest to almost all teachers. These books cover 
School Management, Psychology, History of Education, Methods 
and School Economy , Reading, Methods in Arith?netic, Geogra¬ 
phy, Physical Science, a?id Teaching of Manners. Price, 50c. ea. 

1. Allen’s Mind Studies 

2. Autobiography of Froebel 

3. Hughes's Mistakes in Teaching 

4. Hughes’s Securing and Retaining Attention 

5. Welch’s Talks on Psychology 

6. Calkins’s How to Teach Phonics 

7. Dewey’s How to Teach Manners 

8. Browning’s Educational Theories 

9. Woodhull’s Simple Experiments 

10, Woodhull’s Home-Made Apparatus 

i/. Allen’s Temperament in Education 

12. Johnson’s Education by Doing (Formerly 75 cts.) 

13. Kellogg’s School Management (Formerly 75 cts.) 

14. Seeley’s Grube Method of Teaching Arithmetic 

(Formerly $1.00) 

15. Dean’s The Geography Class 

16. Shaw and Donnell’s School Devices (Formerly $1.25) 

We will send this set prepaid for $7.20 cash in advance. 

It will also be furnished on the installment plan with long term 
in which to complete the pay?nent. For terms address the 
publishers. 


E* L. KELLOGG & CO., 61 E. 9th Street, New York. 



Kellogg's Teachers' Library, 

Seventeen volumes, uniform in size and binding, covering all 
sides of educational thought—History of Education, Methods of 
Teaching, Principles of Education, Child Study, Psychology, 
Manual Training, Nature Study, and School Gymnastics. Each 
volume is 71-2x5 inches in size, with elegant and durable 
cloth covers stamped in two colors and gold. Every book in 
this library is the best or one of the best, of its kind; the greatest 
writers and thinkers on education are represented—Parker, 
Joseph Payne, Herbert Spencer, Page, Quick, and Others; it is 
a collection invaluable for the thinking teacher. 


1. Parker’s Talks on Pedagogics.$1.50 

2. Parker’s Talks on Teaching - - - - - 1.00 

3. Seeley’s Common School System cf Germany - 1.50 

4. Bancroft’s School Gymnastics.1.50 

5. Spencer s Education.1.00 

6. Page’s Theory and Practice of Teaching - - 1.00 

7. Currie’s Early Education ------ 1.25 

8. Patridge’s Quincy Methods.1.75 

9. Perez’s First Three Years of Childhood - - - 1,50 

10. Tate’s Philosophy of Education - - - - 1.50 

11. Quick’s Educational Reformers - - - • 1.00 

12. Noetling’s Notes on the Science and Art of Education 1.00 

13. Love’s Industrial Education - - - - - 1.00 

14. Payne’s Nature Study.1.00 

15. Shaw’s National Question Book - - - - 1.00 

16. Payne’s Lectures on Education.1.00 

17. Welch’s Teachers’ Psychology.1.25 


This library will be furnished prepaid in neat case for $18. 
Cash. It will also be furnished on the installment plan with 18 
months in which to pay for it. For terms address the publishers. 


E. L. KELLOGG & CO., 61 E. 9th Street, New York. 






School Entertainment Series, 

Each a Complete Entertainment at 15 cents. 


LINCOLN, THE PATRIOT 

is the title of a Ready Program for Lincoln’s Birthday, by Alicb M. Kellogg. It 
contains a Narrative of the Life of Lincoln, Tributes Here and Abroad, Speeches, 
Characteristic Anecdotes, Material for Compositions, Portrait and Picture of Birth¬ 
place and Tomb. Price, 15 cents. 

AT THE COURT OF KINO WINTER. 

By Lizzie M. Hadley. Characters—Winter, November, December, Nature, Santa 
Claus, Elves, Heralds, Winds, Christmas Day, Forefathers’ Day. Many children or 
a few may take part. Suggestions for costumes are given. This play will easily in¬ 
clude children of all ages. Price, 15 cents. 

CHRISTMAS STAR. 

A fancy drill with songs and recitations for a Christmas Festival. By Lettib 
Sterling. Ten girls over twelve years old are repuired, assisted by a chorus. It 
will make a novel and brilliant entertainment. Price, 15 cents. 

A VISIT FROn riOTHER GOOSE. 

A Christmas play for primary pupils. By Belle L. Davidson. Will make a delight¬ 
ful entertainment. From twelve to twenty-four children may take part. Costumes 
fully described. Price, 15 cents. 

BANNER DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC. 

An effective Patriotic Exercise, by Alice M. Kellogg. For thirty-seven pupils 
(or less number if desirable). The grouping of the chief points in American history 
with inspiring songs, pretty costumes, and original speeches, makes an entertainment 
appropriate for any patriotic occasion. Price, 15 cents. 

nOTHER NATURE’S FESTIVAL. 

An exercise for primary grades. The characters are Mother Nature, April, 
May, Birds, Flowers, Trees. From 30 to 50 children can take part. Price, 

15 cents, postpaid. 

AN OBJECT LESSON IN HISTORY. 

An historical exercise for school exhibitions, by Emma Shaw C'olclough. The 
scene is represented as laid in the school-room, where the characters introduced 
are divided into those who have just been on a trip to the historical scenes about 
Boston and the “stay-at-homes.” The conversation between them introduces a 
large number of quotations from American authors, descriptive of the historical 
scenes visited. Price, 15cents, postpaid. 


E. L. KELLOGG & CO., 6i E. 9th Street, IMew York 




VALUABLE TEACHERS’ BOOKS 


AT LOW PRICES. 

IReaDtiia Circle Xibrarg Series. 

Allen’s Mind Studies for Young Teachers. 

“ Temperament in Education. 

Welch’s Talks on Psychology. 

Hughes’ Mistakes in Teaching. 

“ Securing Attention. 

Dewey’s How to Teach Manners. 

Woodhull’s Easy Experiments in Science. 

Calkins’ Ear and Voice Training. 

Browning’s Educational Theories. 

Autobiography of Froebel. 

Bound in cloth. Price 50 cents each; to teachers, 40 cents; by mail, 5 cents 
extra. 


{Teachers’ {professional Xtbrarg Series. 

Reinhart’s History of Education. 

“ Principles of Education. 

“ Civics of Education. 

Blackie’s Self-culture. 

Browning’s Aspects of Education. 

Limp cloth. Price 25 cents each; to teachers, 20 cents; by mail, 3 cents 

extra. 


{Teachers’ dfcanual Series. 


19 . Allen’s Historic Outlines of Edu¬ 
cation. 

18 . Kellogg's The Writing of Com¬ 
positions. 

17 . Lang’s Comenius. 

16 . “ Basedow. 

15 . Kellogg’s Pestalozzi. 

14 . Carter's Artificial Production of 
Stupidity in Schools. 

13 . McMurry’s How to Conduct the 
Recitation. 

12 . Groff’s School Hygiene. 

11 . Butler’s Argument for Manual 
Training. 

10 . Hoffmann’s Kindergarten Gifts. 


9 . Quick’s How to Train the Mem¬ 
ory. 

8 . Hughes’ How to Keep Order. 

7 . Huntington’s Unconscious Tui¬ 
tion. 

6 . Gladstone’s Object-teaching. 

5 . Fitch’s Improvement in the Art 
of Teaching. 

4 . Yonge’s Practical Work in 
School. 

3 . Sidgwick’s On Stimulus in 
* School. 

2 . Fitch’s Art of Securing Atten¬ 
tion. 

1 . Fitch’s Art of Questioning. 


Price 15 cents each; to teachers, 12 cents; by mail, 1 cent extra. 

Our large descriptive catalogue of valuable books on teaching free on ap¬ 
plication. 


E. L. KELLOGG & CO., New York and Chicago. 



Valuable Recitation and Singing Books. 


Reception Day. 6 nos. 

A Series of Dialogues, Recitations, etc. 6 Nos. ready. These contain a col< 
lection of fresh, original dialogues, recitations, class exercises, and primary 

C ieces. No scenery or stage-fittings are required. It is the best collection wt 
ave ever seen for school use. Here are the actual contents of each number : 


No. I • 

22 Dalogues, 

29 Recitations. 

14 Declamations. 

17 Primary Pieces. 

No. 2. 

*9 Recitations; 

12 Declamations. 

17 Dialogues. 

24 Primary Pieces 
8 Class Exercises. 

No. 3. 

18 Declamations. 

21 Recitations. 

22 Dialogues. 

Class Exercises. 


No. 4. 

9 Class Exercises 
8 Dialogues. 

21 Recitations. 

23 Declamations. 

No 5 

6 Class Exerciser 

24 Dialogues. 

16 Declamations. 

36 Recitations. 

No. 6. 

7 Class Exercises. 
6 Dialogues. 

6 Declamations. 

41 Recitations. 

15 Primary Pieces. 
4 Songs. 


Kellogg’s Best Primary Songs 

Is a new book just issued containing about xoo of the best primary songs. 
These are well suited to the middle and lower grades and especially to district 
schools; many songs have action to them; there are a few hymns. It is a very 
useful book and will be worn out wherever used. Nicely printed, durably 
bound, yet note the low price. Price, 15 cents each ; $1.50 per uoz. postpaid. 


Kellogg’s Song Treasures 

Isa well-known and popular book of which many thousands of copies have 
oeen sold. Themes and words are appropriate for young people. Nature, 
the Flowers, the Seasons, the Home Our Creator are set to beautiful music. 
Many of the old favorites are here, some with new words. Fully described in 
large catalogue. Durably bound. Price 15 cents each. $1.50 per doz. postpaid 


Baxter’s Choice Dialogues, 

Castle’s School Enterta nments, - - 

Denison’s Friday Afternoon Dialogues, 
Fountain Song Book Series Nos. 1, 2, & 3. Each, 
Hanson’s Merry Melodies,- - - - 

Hanson s Merry Songs, - - - - 

Hanson’s Primary and Sil sthenic Songs,- 
Historical Charades, - 

Pricha d’s Choice Dialogues, - 

The Helper in School Entertainments, 

The Story of Our Flag, - 


1 2 

cent® 

27 

i t 

28 

ft 

1 5 

f€ 

1 5 

it 

30 

It 

46 

ft 

1 O 


20 


25 

if 

8 

ff 


Send for special 16-page circular describing these and several hundred othei 
recreation books on sale by us. Address 


E- L, KELLOGG & CO., 61 E. Ninth St., New York. 











Talks on 


Pedagogics. 

BY 

Col. Francis W. Parker, 

of the Cook County Normal School , 


Col. Parker needs no introduction to the teachers of America. The 
thousands who have drawn aid and inspriation fiom the Talks on Teaching 
and all to whom the name of Col. Parker has for years stood for aggres¬ 
sive leadership in education will want this book, which contains the results 
of the author’s most mature thought and work. 

The book is the most mature expression of the educational belief of 
its author, formed after many years of study and investigation. 

The ideas presented and the methods outlined are the outcome of 
work done in the Cook Co. Normal School. The doctrine of concentra¬ 
tion alone is of sufficient importance and interest to arrest the attention of 
every thinking teacher in America. 

What it contains: 

The following titles of the chapters of the book will indicate the sub¬ 
jects of which it treats : Chap. I. The Child ; Chap. II The Central Sub¬ 
jects of Study ; Chap. III. Form as a Mode of Judgment; Chap. IV. Number 
and its Relation to the Central Subjects; Chap. V. What can be done with 
numbers ; Chap. VI. Attention; Chap. VII. Observation ; Chap. VIII. Lan¬ 
guage and Hearing Language; Chap. IX. Reading and its Relations to 
the Central Subject; Chap. X. Modes of Expression; Chap. XI. Unity of 
Expressive Acts; Chap. XII. Acquisition of the Forms of Thought Ex¬ 
pression; Chap. XIII. Speech and Writing ; Chap. XIV. School Govern¬ 
ment and Moral Training; Chap. XV. Summary of the Doctrine of Con¬ 
centration ; Chap. XVI. Democracy and Education. 

The whole makes a large volume of 507 pages. Nearly two solid years 
have been spent in its preparation. Nearly 2000 advance orders have been 
received for it. It is finely printed and durably bound as a book of its 
value and importance deserves to be. There are topic headings and ques¬ 
tions for the student. 

Price, $1.50; to teachers, $1.20; postage, 14 cents. 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO.. New York and Chicago. 




COMMENTS OF EDUCATORS ON PARKER ’S 
TALKS ON PEDAGOGICS. 


** It is in every respect an admirable book, replete with sound philos¬ 
ophy, and practical methods.” —Supt. John Swett, San Francisco . 

“ I find the book slow reading since it obliges me to keep up a ‘ brown 
study.’ Every page bears evidence of earnest study.” 

—Dr. E. E. White, Ohio. 

“I am prepared to pronounce it the greatest of Col. Parker’s great 
works. It is a work that should be studied by every teacher in the coun¬ 
try.” —Supt. J. H. Phillips, Birmingham ,, Ala. 

“ It is a work of extraordinary value.” 

—Prin. T. B. Noss, California (Pa.) Normal School. 

“A masterly exposition of the theory of concentration destined to 
exercise great influence over educational thought and practice of the twen¬ 
tieth century.” 

—Prin. Albert E. Maltby, Slippery Rock Normal School , Penn. 

*‘I have examined with great interest and profit 4 Talks on Pedago¬ 
gics/ It is an able plea for the professional attitude. It appeals not only 
to the intelligence, but also to the conscience of teachers. It treats the 
child reverently and recognizes the varied possibilities that are opened to 
him through education. The doctrine of concentration, more or less new 
in this country, is treated, not from the theoretical standpoint, but from 
the point of view of honest, patient experiment and practice. As a help 
to teachers it will rank among the very best of current pedagogical works.” 

—Samuel T. Dutton, Supt. of Schools. Brookline. Mass. 

44 It is a great book and indicates the profound thought and the sub¬ 
lime ideal inspiring the author during the years of his study of the child 
and education.” 

— Clarence E . Meleney, Teachers College , New York City. 

“I regard Col. Parker’s ‘Talks on Pedagogics’ as one of the very 
best books in my library. I always read anything from Col. Parker’s pen 
with interest and profit. This, his latest production, is his best.” 

—A. W. Edson, Worcester. Mass. 

44 Parker’s 4 Talks on Pedagogics’ received. I like it. It is a splendid 
acquisition to pedagogical literature. It should be in the hands of every 
teacher.” —Z. X. Snyder, Pres. State Normal School. Greeley . Col. 

44 It is full of wise suggestions and interesting thoughts. No teachel 
can afford to leave this book unread.” 

—E. A. Sheldon, Prin. State Normal School , Oswego , N. Y. 

44 There never has appeared in English a book on pedagogics more 
pregnant with thought more suggestive to teachers, better adapted io theit 
wants. Every chapter, every paragraph is full of suggestion and help. 
The principles which underlie, rather than the so-called 4 methods,’ receive 
primary attention, though there are sufficient illustrations to suggest the 
manner of carrying out and enforcing a principle. No one doubts after 
reading this book that Herbart’s 4 Theory of Concentration ’ is thoroughly 
sound and entirely applicable to the training of children. As American 
teachers we are apt to say, 4 Well, that may apply in German schools, but 
we cannot apply it in America.’ Col. Parker has proven that 4 Concentra¬ 
tion ' is a sound principle in education everywhere, and that its applica¬ 
tion in our schools is entirely feasible. —Dr. Levi Seelfy. 

Price, $1.50; to teachers, $1.20; postage, 14 cts. 




Spring m Summer School Celebrations 


EXERCISES, TABLEAUX, PANTOMIMES, RECITA¬ 
TIONS, DRILLS, SONGS FOR CELEBRATING 
EASTER, MAY DAY, MEMORIAL DAY, 
FOURTH OF JULY, CLOSING DAY 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 

130 Pages. Price, 25 Cents Postpaid. 


You have general exercises In your school, do you not ? Then you need this 
book and should send for It now. It Is illustrated. It contains nearly one hun¬ 
dred fresh, charming, mostly original selections. 


PARTIAL. TABLE OF CONTENTS * 


Easter Song, 

Give Flowers to the Children, 

Easter in Early Days, 

Sir Robin, 

To the Flowers, 

Wreath Drill and March, 

Easter Time, 

Tableaux for Longfellow’s King Robert 
of 31 cily, 

A Bunch of Lilies. 

Greeting to May, 

A Call to the Flowers, 

A Carpet of Green, 

To the Cuckoo, 

To the Arbutus, 


May and the Flowers, 

The May Festival, 

Gathering Flowers, 

The Return of the Wanderers, 
The Nation’s Dead. 

In Memorlam, 

Zouave Drill, 

Program for Memorial Day, 
The Blue and the Gray, 

The Nation’s Birthday, 

Stand by the Flag, 

Flag of Our Nation Great, 
Boy’s Marching Song, 

The Poet’s History of America, 
Etc., Etc- 


Fancy Drills and Marches. 

MOTION SONGS AND ACTION PIECES FOR ARBOR DAY, 
CHRISTMAS DAY, MEMORIAL DAY, AND 
PATRIOTIC OCCASIONS. 


Price Cents Postpaid. 


THE L4TEST, BRIGHTEST, AND BEST BOOK OF DRILLS. 

Teachers who want something new and bright in the line of drills will 
certainly be greatly pleased with this book. One drill alone—Betz’s Flag 
Grouping—has heretofore been sold for the price of this book, 25 cents. 


PARTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS * 


Fancy Ribbon March. Carl Bete. 
Hatchet Drill for Feb. 22 . 
Christmas Tree Drill. 

Wand Drill. Mara L. Pratt. 
Delsarte Children. M. D. Sterling. 
Zouave Drill. 

Scarf Drill. 


Wreath Drill and March. 

Rainbow Drill. 

Glove Drill. 

Tambourine Drill. 

Flag Grouping and Posing. Carl Betz. 
Two Flag Drills. 

The March of the Red, White, and Blue. 











Kellogg's Series of Special Day Books . Latest and Best! 


How to Celebrate Thanksgiving and 
Christmas in the Schoolroom. 

FOR THE PRIMARY, GRAMMAR, AND HIGH SCHOOL. 

This book consists of Recitations, Songs,-Drills, Dialogues, Exercises, and 
Complete Programs for celebrating Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Autumn 
Days in the Schoolroom. Its use will save teachers much time and labor and 
insure an attractive and successful program. 

Two Important Features of the book are the carefully prepared complete 
programs, and the suggestions following every selection as to the most effective 
use of it. This will save the teacher much labor. Attractively bound in heavy 
manila cover. 

PRICE 25 CENTS, POSTPAID. 


A FEW OF THE GOOD THINGS 

in the book are here given. Ther® is room to give only a part of the contents. 


RECITATIONS FOR CHRISTMAS. 


Christmas Eve, 

Christmas Bells, 

The Very Best Thing, 

The Christmas Tree, 

The Merry Christmas Time, 
The Stocking’s Christmas, 


A Surprise for Santa Claus, 
Merry Christmas, 

The Day of Days, 

Kris Kringle, 

The Bells, 

Christmas Echoes, 


EXERCISES, 


An Autumn Poet (Bryant), 

In the Autumn, 

Autumn Leaves, 

Autumn Thougnts, 

The Return of Thanksgiving, 
Thanksgiving Exercise for Little 
Children, 


What the Months Bring, 
Thanksgiving in the Past and Present. 
The Gifts of the Year, 

The Mistletoe Bough (for Reading and 
Tableau), 

Christmas Tree Drill, 

A Visit from Santa Claus, (Tableaux). 


SONGS FOR THANKSGIVING. 

Reward of Labor, | A Song of Gladness, 

Thanksgiving Song, What Little Folks Can Do. 

Fill the Baskets, Motion Song for Thanksgiving. 


New Year and Midwinter Exercises 

Recitations, Quotations, Authors’ Birthdays, and Special 
Programs for Celebrating New Year and flidwinter 
ji?l the Schoolroom. For the Primary, Grammar 
and High School. 

PRICE, 25 CENTS, POSTPAID. 

Do yen want help in preparing a program for Charles Dickens’ birthday 
Feb. 7th? A Dickens’ exercise in this book gives selections from his writings] 
a list from his writings and their purpose, and many interesting things about 
him. It contains also a Robert Burns’ Exercise for January 25, which will be 
found excellent. 

In the country schools “A Winter Evening Entertainment,” contained in 
this book will occasion a great deal of interest. 

Original recitations and exercises appropriate for the winter months are not 
easy to find. This collection contains excellent ones, 

E. L. KELLOGG & CO., New York & Chicago. 


















Cot 8 1901 




I 















